From Western Australia

The Great War was as significant for  'the Dominions' (as they were then called) as it was for Great Britain. Proportionate to their populations, enormous contributions and sacrifices were made by British Empire forces, particularly from Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and South Africa. I'm spending some time in Perth, Western Australia, where those contributions are marked with feeling and with style. These are a few impressions.....

Centre of Town

Heroes of Gallipoli
and Somme remembered

In the centre of Perth the main road runs through Adelaide Terrace and St. George's Terrace up to the Government Buildings. Paving stones recognise worthy West Australians including heroes of Gallipoli and the Western Front. The ANZAC centre is prominently placed, and the centenary recognised.

Returned and Services League
HQ in Central Perth

King's Park
In beautiful surroundings on the escarpment that overlooks Perth's King's Park has much to remind visitors of WW1.

Contributions to the Boer War (sic) and WW1 are situated along the stunning avenue of lemon scented Eucalyptus trees on Fraser Drive.




Main War Memorial

Western Front
Particularly moving is a beautiful avenue of gums planted by the nearest and dearest of some of those who died on the Western Front - Fromelles, Pozieres, Amiens.....

Gallipoli

Several memorials:

A position not unlike that faced, in reverse
by the ANZACs at Gallipoli

Moving post-war words from Ataturk

Verdun 5: The general assault - March

The Striking memorial at Mort-Homme
The legend - Ils n'ont pas passe
(They did not pass) 

Having decided to change tactics, the Germans proceeded with customary efficiency to prepare their two pronged pincer attack on the (somewhat flattened) Verdun salient. Their hard won narrow central advance on the right bank of the Meuse was coming under artillery pressure from the French defensive positions on the the left bank. These position were a short term target for the north western pincer. However the main prize, analogous to Douaumont heights on the right bank, was Mort-Homme -Dead Man's Hill. Considering what transpired there, the hill was given its title with eery prescience in the 19th century, named for a traveller who died there, lost in the winter snow. 1916 saw horrors far worse than hypothermia. 

Mort-Homme is the highest part of the ‘Goose’s Crest’ of wooded hills running westwards from Forges and Samogneux. Capture of this would enable almost uninterrupted progress for the four miles southwards to Charny, to the outskirts of Verdun itself. It would also clear the left bank of the French artillery positions that had restricted the initial right bank thrust of the Germans. 

Diagram of the Meuse West Bank

To take Mort-Homme was a major challenge, and would mean taking the whole Goose’s Crest. Only two approaches were possible, either from the north between Forges and Bethincourt, or from further west via Avocourt, and the woods to the west at the base of Mort-Homme.

On the eastern side, they made simultaneous assaults on the villages of Douaumont and Vaux from 4th March. At this stage the main purpose was to divert reinforcements that might be moved to the Mort Homme sector. For a further two days Germans extended the bombardment to the whole north west sector, right round to the Argonne. Then on the 6^th, the guns stopped and two German divisions stormed the Forges glen.

As previously, the French fell back in an ordered withdrawal supplemented by some fierce counterattacking. Corbeaux Wood provided a good example of the fighting for Forges and Regneville. It was taken and retaken several times during 6-10^th March. Close by to the south west Cumieres Wood and village were the site of three weeks brave resistance by poilus to the massed German infantry attacks, winning great praise from Joffre as “the men who barred the road to Verdun”.

On the 9^th March the full pincer force fell on the north east and centred on Vaux. This was a major effort to turn the French line, and they added to it with further attacks from due east through Damloups, Eix and Manheulle. All attacks were repulsed, forcing the Germans to shift their attack back to the north west. Up to 14^th March, they made their major effort to take Mort-Homme. The French defensive lines were squeezed to a narrow salient with the village of Bethincourt at its apex. Over three days both sides fought each other almost to a standstill, but the French held on. One more major attack on Vaux was made, and repulsed, before the second phase came to a close, 22 days since the German ‘4 day campaign’ to occupy Verdun had begun. 

The remaining route to take Mort-Homme from the west had not been been seriously attempted, and this now became the German focus. Up to this point both sides had suffered severely, their casualties almost equal, and Falkenhayn was nowhere near his first objective, or his overall plans for the campaign. Nor had there been the expected Allied counter-attack from further west and north on the main front, so that the German reserves were barely occupied.

The new and final phase of these efforts to batter their way through the French defences began from the west, with a three days bombardment up to 20^th March. On the afternoon of 20^th, the Bavarian infantry, using flamethrowers, advanced from the Avocourt – Malancourt line through the Avocourt wood. They established a redoubt there before pressing on to storm the slopes of Hill 304 next to Mort-Homme. Over 2 days of relentless fighting they reached them, and almost pinched out the salient of the village of Malancourt. There was a lull for 2-3 days while both sides recovered, before the final efforts of the Germans resumed. On the left bank they managed to take Haucourt and drive the French from Bethincourt, but their overall advance was limited to one mile along a front of six miles, and they could not penetrate beyond the lower northern slopes of Hill 304 and Mort-Homme. They eventually took Hill 265 to the west, but could not gain Hill 295 to the east. Pushing again, but from due west, they pounded their way through Malancourt Wood and the village of Avocourt. On the 9^th April that reached as far as the north eastern slopes of Mort-Homme and were encroaching on three sides. Petain’s rallying cry came the following morning:

“April 9^th was a glorious day for our armies, the furious attacks of the soldiers of the Crown Prince broke down everywhere. The infantry, artillery, sappers and aviators of the 2^nd Army vied with one another in valour. Honour to all. No doubt the Germans will attack again. Let all work and watch, that yesterday’s success be continued. Courage! We shall beat them!”

and indeed the last German efforts here ran out of steam on that day.

The severely battered Fort Vaux in
March 1916

On the east bank, similar desperate assaults had continued towards Vaux. They took the western side of the village, and were able to advance some way towards the plateau of Douaumont, but it was a narrow route that soon became congested with weaponry and increasing numbers of dead and dying, and their advances ground to a halt. Their losses were very high, and spelt the end of the third phase of the broad assault. both pincers had been blunted.

Verdun 4: The second phase - 25th February to 10th March

Gen. Henri Philippe Petain.
"Courage - on les aura!"
(Courage - we'll get them!)

The Germans were chastened by the limited success of their frontal assault on the right bank. They had gained around four miles of ground, but were still well short of Verdun. Paradoxically their greatest success, certainly in terms of morale and propaganda emerged almost by chance.
Of all the fortifications, in their concentric rings, protecting Verdun, the elevated plain of Douaumont with its 'impregnable' fort was the greatest. It was symbol itself of symbolic Verdun, to the French people if not to Joffre. Its great subterranean garrison, capable of holding 1000 troops, held only 500 at the start of February, and by 25th was held by only 50 part time irregulars. Its capture on that day provided Germany's greatest morale boost of the campaign, and a major challenge to the French spin doctors. Otherwise this second phase provided more hard won gains for the German, but the pattern of valiant French resistance and high casualties on both sides was becoming established. 
Petain became the embodiment of France's determination to hold - "Tenir!"

The heroics of Driant and his men had held up the whole of General Schenk's 18th Army Corps to such an extent it took Schenk two days to gain two kilometres of ground - despite the pulverising preliminary barrage. By the 25th the French, although holding their line, were at the point of collapse. However, the German vanguard was almost exhausted by the violence of the French defence, and it was here that Falkenhayn's risk in leaving large reserves on the other parts of the front, lost him the decisive breakthrough.

German heroes of the 24th Brandenburgers,
who captured Douaumont almost by chance.

The Germans redoubled their efforts to take Poivre and Douaumont under orders that at all costs the latter must be taken. Their infantry surged up the sides of the heights, taking serious casualties from French 75mm artillery. However, it provided the opportunity for the 24^th Brandenburger Regiment to storm the inexcusably vulnerable  defenders of the Douaumont fort, to give Germany its only real propaganda coup of the week. 

However, they could not take the redoubt to the east, or the village of Douaumont itself to the west, so the line held – just – at the end of 25^th.

On that day, Castelnau arrived to take charge of the overall defence, and the next day Petain arrived by car, ahead of his 2^nd Army. Pétain’s arrival was timely. Over the previous five days the French line had been pushed back over four miles. On Saturday 26^th a counter attack was launched, and the 20^th Corps of Nancy, led by Balfourier, pushed the Germans off the Douaumont plateau, except for the 80 Brandenburg men who remained locked inside the fort. Balfourier’s achievement marked the ending of this first and most critical phase of Verdun, focused as it was on Douamont and the surrounding high ground. The Germans did try one more outflanking movement to the east. Having failed to dislodge the French from Eix and its surrounding heights, they moved on the village of Manheulles, six miles to the south.  They were attempting to gain artillery access to the French southern line of supply, but they did not succeed.  The topography and the communication lines were more difficult for them, and they did not try again. 
The valiant, skilful French defence and withdrawals had exacted heavy casualties, and forced the Germans to pause for a few days of relative quietude, and reconsider their plans.  They determined to broaden the assault, involving a major offensive on the left bank, with the high ground of Mort-Homme as the main prize. They would also persist further from the north east on the right bank against Vaux.

The German forces were thus split into two groups, NE and NW, and they would spend the next few weeks throwing themselves against the corresponding parts of the salient. Each had a new commander, and the Crown Prince Wilhelm was pushed into something of a back seat. They renewed their assaults in more traditional pincer style between 6-8th March, and the fighting resumed its full ferocity.

Tenir - 'hold!' French poilus in early days of
Verdun. Note the shallow trenches.

On the left bank, attacking between Bethincourt and Forges the Germans advanced slowly, and took the the villages of Forges and Regneville before being repulsed by the French and pushed back into Corbeaux Wood. In another two days they regained the wood and pushed to the lower slopes of Goose Hill leading to Mort-Homme. The village of Cumieres was a focus of particularly severe action and changed hands more than once. To the east, the fierce German assaults on the slopes of Vaux and its fort were resisted. None of these small gains provided the Germans with the morale boost to match the capture of the Douaumont fort.

On the opposite side, the French defence had been invigorated by the arrival of Pétain. He immediately organised his line of defence into four sectors; and his forces into four concentric groups corresponding to the sectors. He greatly strengthened medium and heavy artillery positions in the four levels of retreat.  He planned and began to implement the policy of tourniquet (literally 'turnstile'), which rotated the frontline troops every few days to ensure at least some rest and relief (a very relative concept). He also set about fortifying the road supply line from Bar le Duc, for food, weapons and men. This became immortalised as the Voie Sacrée. With the blockade of the main railway lines north and west of Verdun it would prove the only route to keep supply lines open. Above all, Pétain inspired confidence and resolve amongst the troops. On 10th March, Petain addressed his men:
         "For three weeks you have withstood the most formidable attack which the enemy 
          has yet made. Germany counted on the success of this effort, which she believed 
          would prove irresistible, and for which she used her best troops and most powerful 
          artillery. She hoped by the capture of Verdun to strengthen the courage of her Allies
         and convince neutrals of German superiority. But she reckoned without you! The
         eyes of neutral countries are on you. You belong to those of whom it will be said:
         "They barred the road to Verdun."  

Verdun 3: The opening onslaught 21st - 25th February

Crown Prince Wilhelm -
a better soldier than his
image suggested

The artillery onslaught before infantry action grew in enormity through 1915, starting at Neuve Chapelle, and increasing dramatically at Gorlice-Tarnow, Champagne and at Loos. Earlier in the war the heaviest German shelling had been at the great defensive fortifications at Liege, Naumur and Antwerp. But 1916 saw preliminary artillery bombardments grow to new levels of destruction. The assault on the centre of the Verdun salient comprised more than a million shells in twelve hours. Unlike the later British bombardment at the Somme - a full week - these German shells fell on fairly weak French positions. Even so, the limitations of the approach were there to see. As with indiscriminate bombing of cities by Germany and Britain during WW2, the apparent scale of destruction did not correlate directly with the 'degradation' of the enemy's resistance or morale. 

The leader of the German forces at Verdun - Crown Prince Wilhelm, the Kaiser's son - did not enjoy the public profile of a dashing young hero. His awkward manner and appearance had him lampooned as "the Clown Prince" by allied propaganda and cartoonists, nor was he was particularly popular in Germany. However, he was a good soldier who understood his men. He was unhappy with Falkenhayn's restricted objectives and knew that his men would fight better for a glorious cause than a cynical one. He was also concerned that his infantry might lose their edge if they were kept waiting too long. He wanted to press forward with decisive action from the 12th February, but he was foiled by bad weather.

An intermittent shelling of various points of the whole salient commenced on 16^th, but it was no heavier than many of the diversionary actions all along the Western Front. It was not until 21^st February that the French could be absolutely certain that Verdun was the object of German ambitions. A massive hammer blow of heavy artillery shelling commenced at 7.15 on that morning. It surpassed any previous bombardment, and for 12 hours more than 100,000 shells per hour fell on the 6 miles central section of the French line. Late in the afternoon the German infantry moved forward, expecting a trouble free advance to the main heights outside Verdun. Initially, the advance proceeded like clockwork. They advanced through the Bois de Haumont and the Bois de Caures, and the French line between Brabant and Herbebois was pulled back, effectively straightening out the blunt nose of the salient. Another heavy bombardment followed at first light on 22^nd, and a day of fierce fighting ensued, with valiant resistance form the French poilus in the southern parts of the woods. The Germans used flamethrowers in their attack on the village of Brabant and continued to flatten Herbebois with artillery. Mostly the day became one of desperate fighting in the south of the woods. By the end of the day the Germans had forced their way into the shattered village of Haumont, and were emerging from the Bois de Caures to the village of Beaumont. It was here that the heroic stand of the light infantry Chasseurs, led by the aforementioned Colonel Driant, held them up until nightfall. Driant had only two battalions, numbering 1300 men, against the centre of the German advance with nearly 150,000 men in total. Only 118 of Driant’s brave men survived but – as in Belgium in 1914 – the delay imposed on the German juggernaut by heroic resistance would prove significant. [Guderian, the Panzer ace of WW2 watched this as a junior intelligence officer from the Crown Prince’s HQ and resolved on a more mobile warfare in future]

Gradually the French had to fall back, but retreated skilfully. Driant was last to retire and fell, mortally wounded. (A poignant statue and tribute marks the spot just outside Beaumont, north of Douaumont).

The French now began to employ similar tactics to Falkenhayn – maximising the opponents’ losses. To the rear of Driant’s small force, Colonel Chretien’s 30^th Corps numbered 35,000 men. They resolved to withdraw a little with each successive German assault, taking as heavy a toll as possible, and then to stand on a final position at all costs once the enemy had been weakened. Accordingly, they resolved to pull back from Brabant to Samogneux, south of Beaumont.

Fort Douaumont pre battle
from the air, Feb 1916

The attack of 23^rd had a less precise artillery prelude, but another full day of vicious fighting. The French again withdrew their lines at the end of the day in order to strengthen defensively (sensible and appropriate, but opposite to Joffre’s early war tactics). They pulled back from Ornes and Beaumont, and also shortened their lines to the east of Verdun by pulling back from the Woeuvre. The retreat was another valiant affair that exacted very high German casualties.

By 25^th the French were virtually at the limit of their withdrawal. They were holding a line from Vacherauville on the Meuse, eastward along the Cote de Poivre, south of Louvement, then southwards by the woods of La Vauche and Hardaumont to the edge of the hills at the gorge of Vaux. The “must hold” positions were the Cote de Poivre on Froideterre and the Douaumont plain (fortunately not the Fort itself). This was the fifth day of battle. The Germans had anticipated holding Verdun itself by this time, and it had started snowing.  They were limited to a four mile front, and it was becoming increasingly difficult to advance further into a salient surrounded by strengthening defences. Falkenhayn's plan began to look suspect.

Verdun 2: French positions and preparations

The cause of justice for Alsace and Lorraine
was at the forefront for La France

Falkenhayn's plan to break through the narrow central part of the Verdun salient is a serious error when viewed through the retrospectoscope, but his reasoning at the time was sound, even if it flew in the face of conventional military strategy. Rather than throw his maximum forces at the 'shoulders' of the salient, creating the classic pincer movement, he believed that with a smaller, albeit significant, force he could impose major damage on the French and take the garrison town itself within five days. The aim was to overwhelm French defences from the north and north east following massive artillery bombardments, and then force their way into the garrison town. They were prepared to tolerate high initial losses provided the French casualties were much higher. He also read correctly the deep French emotional attachment to Verdun as a symbol of nation and defiance. 

Verdun was a key part of General Sere de Rivieres' system of defences built to guard the new French border following the war of 1870 (a predecessor of the post WW1 Maginot Line). It was decided to fortify the surrounding hills with forts, batteries and redoubts. It had more recently been enhanced by the Brialmont system of the Belgian forts such as Liege, and had the retractable heavy guns on the turrets of its main forts. The town itself was walled, entrenched and fortified; then there was an inner ring of redoubts outside the city walls (Belleville, St  Michel, Belrupt and de Regret). Beyond these there was a strong ring  of 27 forts and batteries extending for some thirty miles and on either side of the Meuse (see map).

Revanche translates as 'revenge' but the French psyche, following the humiliation of the 1870 Franco-Prussian war, ran beyond into a deep sense of the need for justice and putting right the wrongs done to Alsace and Lorraine, annexed since then.The French desire for revanche was everywhere, but also powerful was the French tradition of elan rather than defence, particularly amongst the senior military - and above all in Joffre. By autumn 1915 he had denuded the forts of most of their big guns, and was planning and pushing hard for the joint major offensive in the Somme in 1916. Against his dominance in planning for this, Colonel Driant's protests (see previous post, 5th February) can be likened to Churchill's wilderness years warning about German rearmament in the 1930s. It was unwelcome and derided at the time, but turned to prescience in the light of subsequent events.

The French held salient in February 1916 had been improved somewhat by the exertions of 1915, and was a flattened crescent facing north, curving gently round from Avocourt in the west, past Malancourt, then Brabant(on the right bank of the river) round to Flabas  and Ornes and then Eix to the east of Verdun. Although unknown to Falkenhayn, the French defence in the central area remained weak, but ironically it helped them to have to focus on resistance at this single thrust, rather than at various points around the salient. Castelnau's timely reinforcements had stiffened the central defences just enough to prevent a rout in the coming days. He brought larger artillery and fortified trenches to the right bank - the poilus called them 'Castelnau's network'.

Despite the secrecy and subtleties of the German build up before their assault, people had a sense of what was coming. The Crown Prince's original attack date, 12th February, had to be postponed because of bad weather. A trickle of information from captured or deserting Germans confirmed what was building. Many of the small villages in the salient were swiftly abandoned, and the town itself evacuated a large number of civilians. Communications to and from the salient were difficult. The nearby main railway lines ran north to south and were under control of the Germans. The one other line running westwards to Paris  ran close to German artillery at the edge of the salient and could not be used. This left a single road from Bar le Duc just over 30 miles to the south. The centrality of this route in the dramas of Verdun was to earn it the accolade of la voie sacree. At this early stage, the first of the troop reinforcements marching north from Bar le Duc met large numbers of Verdun refugees heading south away from the imminent carnage.